Overview of Folk Etymology

Overview of Folk Etymology Folk etymology involves a change in the form or pronunciation of a word or phrase resulting from a mistaken assumption about its composition or meaning. Also called popular etymology. G. Runblad and D.B. Kronenfeld identify two main groups of folk etymology, which they call Class I and Class II. Class I contains folk-etymologies where some change has occurred, either in meaning or form, or both. Folk etymologies of the Class II type, on the other hand, do not usually change the meaning or form of the word, but function mainly as some popular, though false, etymological explanation of the word (Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, 2000). Class I is by far the more common type of folk etymology. Connie Eble points out that folk etymology applies mostly to foreign words, learned or old-fashioned words, scientific names, and place-names (Slang and Sociability, 1996). Examples and Observations The process of altering otherwise incomprehensible words, in order to give them a semblance of meaning, is called folk, or popular, etymology. A product of ignorance, it nevertheless should not be underestimated as a factor of language history, for many familiar words owe their form to it. In kitty-corner, kitty is a jocular substitution for cater-. Cater-corner is an opaque compound, while kitty-corner (diagonally from) suggests the movement of a prowling cat. . . .Stepmother, stepdaughter, and so forth suggest the derivation from step. Yet a stepchild is not one step removed from its natural parent; -step goes back to a word meaning bereaved. Many people share Samuel Johnsons opinion that bonfire is a good fire, from French bon, but it means bonefire. Old bones were used as fuel down to the 1800s. The vowel o was shortened before -nf (a regular change before two consonants), and a native English word began to look half-French.(Anatoly Liberman, Word Origins: Etymology for Everyone. Oxford University Press, 2009) Woodchuck and Cockroach Examples: Algonquian otchek a groundhog became by folk etymology woodchuck; Spanish cucaracha became by folk etymology cockroach.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008)   Female Historically, female, from Middle English femelle (from Old French femelle, a diminutive form of Latin femina woman/female), is unrelated to male (Old French male/masle; Latin masculus (little man/male); but Middle English femelle was clearly remodeled into female based on the association with male (approximately the 14th century) (OED). The remodeling of female brought female and male into their current and apparently sense-related and asymmetric relationship (one that many of us, now, are going to some lengths to unmake.(Gabriella Runblad and David B. Kronenfeld, Folk-Etymology: Haphazard Perversion or Shrewd Analogy.  Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, ed. by  Julie Coleman and Christian Kay. John Benjamins, 2000) Bridegroom When people hear a foreign or unfamiliar word for the first time, they try to make sense of it by relating it to words they know well. They guess what it must meanand often guess wrong. However, if enough people make the same wrong guess, the error can become part of the language. Such erroneous forms are called folk or popular etymologies.Bridegroom provides a good example. What has a groom got to do with getting married? Is he going to groom the bride, in some way? Or perhaps he is responsible for horses to carry him and his bride off into the sunset? The true explanation is more prosaic. The Middle English form was bridgome, which goes back to Old English brydguma, from bride guma man. However, gome died out during the Middle English period. By the 16th century its meaning was no longer apparent, and it came to be popularly replaced by a similar-sounding word, grome, serving lad. This later developed the sense of servant having the care of horses, which is the dominant sense toda y. But bridegroom never meant anything more than brides man.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) EtymologyFrom the German,  Volksetymologie

Principles of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Principles of Finance - Essay Example The effective annual rate computations below show that issue 7.375s19 has generated an effective annual rate of twenty one and 852/100 percent. The issue that generated the lowest effective annual rate is issue 7.375s20 which generated a very low seven and 37.5/100 effective annual rate. Thee lowest annual percentage yield, this is similar to Effective Annual Rate, comes from issue 7.375s20 with the annual percentage yield of only seven and 37.5/100. he yield to call resulted to the following computations. There are many mathematical business tools that finance uses to help us in our decision making processes. Some of the tools used are the Annual Percentage, the Period Rate and the Effective Annual Rate. The many computations below will show how they are made useful. The annual percentage rate is computed by multiplying the periodic rate by the number of periods. For example 10% quarterly is really equal to 40%. The annual rate is stated as the yearly cost of a mortgage that includes interest, Mortgage insurance, and the origination fees which is shown in percentages. Based on the above computation, issue 7.375s20 has annual percentage rate of 7.375 percent. The issue 7.375s19 was computed to generate annual percentage rate of 14.75 percent. The next issue, 8.250s28, when computed had generated the annual percentage rate of 8.25 percent. The next issue, 6.730s17 when also computed generated annual percentage Periodic rate rate of 13.46 percent. The last issue, 6.850s32 generated an annual percentage rate of 13.70 percent. PERIODIC RATE: 7.375s20 7.375 % x 1 = 7.375 % 7.375s19 7.375 % x 2 = 14.75 % 8.250s28 8.25 % x 1 = 8.25 % 6.730s17 6.73 % x 2 = 13.46 % 6.850s32 6.85 % x 2 = 13.70 % Periodic rate is the effective interest rate. To explain further, when the periodic rate on a credit card is 2.5% per month on the outstanding balance, the annual periodic rate is 2.5% x twelve months which is equal to thirty percent. When computing

Modern finance assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern finance - Assignment Example The formula is structured this way in order to make its analysis easier and more standardized. c. The investor in this case, by applying the model, understands the non feasibility of exercising the call option, since the price of the asset is lower than the strike price of 110. Question 2 a. Re = Ra + D/E(Ra-Rd) Firm A: 14% + 0.4(14%-9%) = 0.16 or 16% Firm B: 14% + 0.5(14%-9%) = 0.165 or 16.5% The return to equity represents the return required by shareholders. In this scenario, with all other factors constant, as the Debt to Equity ratios only differ, the results show that for Firm B, the shareholders require a 0.5% higher return than Firm A shareholders, due to the higher leverage. b. given the data, we also know that Risk = variance = w^2(a)*sigma(a)^2 + w(b)^2*sigma(b)^2 + 2w(a)w(b)*p*sigma(a)*sigma(b) i. 0.52*0.052 + 0.52*0.062 + (2*0.5*0.5*1*0.05*0.06) = 0.00303 Std dev = 5.5% ii. 0.52*0.052 + 0.52*0.062 + (2*0.5*0.5*-1*0.05*0.06) = 0.00003 Std dev = 0.5% iii. 0.52*0.052 + 0.52 *0.062 + (2*0.5*0.5*0.5*0.05*0.06) = 0.00228 Std dev = 4.77% c. ... Risk averse investors will usually never invest in risky assets and will play it safe. This means they will remain on or close to the Y axis of the graph below, taking on minimal or no risk and earning a low return. Investors with higher risk preferences will balance their portfolios with risky and risk free assets to achieve an optimal balanced portfolio which offers a return in line with risks. Their goal will be to reach the efficient frontier as shown below in the graph. Adding a risk free asset to a risk averse investors portfolio will not affect his return much. However, doing the same with a risk taking investor may reduce the return earned by the portfolio. As money used in the risk free asset could otherwise be utilized in higher risky assets to obtain a higher return. References Botkin, S. C. (2007). Lower your taxes-big time! : wealth-building, tax reduction secrets from an IRS insider. New York, McGraw-Hill. Chriss, N. (1997). Black-Scholes and beyond option pricing model s. New York, McGraw-Hill. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=51958. JA?GER, C., & BO?Ckhaus, C. F. (2011). The Black & Scholes formula and resulting advancements derivation and interpretation with special focus on the validity of the underlying assumptions. Aachen, Shaker. Siegel, J. G., Shim, J. K., Hartman, S., & Siegel, J. G. (1998). Schaum's quick guide to business formulas 201 decision-making tools for business, finance, and accounting students. New York, N.Y., McGraw-Hill.

Thomson Additional Scanners Essay Example for Free

Thomson Additional Scanners Essay Our training partnership and scanner promotion has been a great success. To date, 19,987 Retail Sales Associates have enrolled in the training program. The program can be completed in just four hours with a 98% completion rate.   In line with this, we would like to enlist your help on a subsequent project. As you can recall, the initial promotion was to give away scanners to the first 500 RSAs to complete the training. Due to an error in our email notification system, we inadvertently notified 1,000 RSAs that they would receive scanners. I assure you that the system has been repaired and no further notifications have been sent out.   In order to immediately repair this problem, we are seeking your professional help to determine how we can provide additional scanners in a timely manner and at a minimal cost. Please contact me as soon as possible with: Order details and requirements . Cost estimates and rebates you can offer us . Delivery time frame estimates Bob OBrien and Sheila Gallagher have been informed about the situation and both agreed that we can work together on a solution.   If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at 702-458-8316. In the last meeting, we have tackled the problem about the mix up in the promotion of scanners. We have discussed the cause which was a technological lapse in the automatic response email system. As a consequence, 1,000 RSAs were notified that they will be given free scanners through the promotional endeavor of our company and Thomson. However, the IT manager assured the company that the email notification system has been fixed and that it is currently functioning well. In addition, the head of the IT department ensures that this kind of incident would not happen again. More so, you have also requested the formulation of suggestions on how to deal with the problem and to resolve the dilemma of providing an additional $500 scanners at a lesser cost.    Recommendations The following were the recommendations and options discussed during the meeting: Purchase 500 scanners from Thomson and distribute it to the the other RSAs who were notified. Through this, the possibility of having strained relations with the retail partners or RSAs will be prevented because the company has complied with its promo. Also, the good reputation of the company would be maintained. Creating an e-mail that would inform the 500 RSAs that there have been an error with the companys email notifications system that wrongly notified them about the free scanners. As a consolation, the company could send a token of consolation for sending a wrong message regarding the scanner promo. This approach could prevent the influx of calls from dissatisfied RSAs and even litigation by the RSAs. Request the Thomson company if they could give away free scanners since the partnership and the promotion have been successful. By doing this, the company would comply with its promise of giving free scanners to RSAs and at the same time satisfy them with an excellent. Based on my own opinion, I would suggest buying the extra 500 scanners to the RSAs as indicated in the promo. To minimize the cost, we should ask Thomson for a bulk discount or   if they can shoulder some of the expenses of the scanners since we already have established a strong business relationship with them. This mix up with the promotion was an honest mistake and there was no intention at all in our part to ruin the promotion. So I think Thomson would understand our predicament and hopefully they would help us with our problem. In the end, we can assure our business partners and clients that we would continue to provide   first-rate services.

Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing -- Twelfth Night

The Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The action of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon foreign shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory.    Viola's transvestism functions as emblematic of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and Shakespearean scholars are quick to point out, cross-dressing foregrounds not only the concept of role playing and thus the constructed or performative nature of gender but also the machinations of power. Viola can only make her way in this alien land if she assumes the trappings--and with these garments the--privileges of masculinity. Her doublet and hose act as her passport and provide her with a livelihood, a love interest, and friendship (just as Leonide's breeches allow her passage into Hermocrate's garden).    Viola's male masquerade also calls attention to the more general theme of masking. As Cesario, Viola suggests that things are not always as they seem, that identities are protean, that self-deception rivals self-knowledge and that only Time can untie complicated "knots." Coppelia Kahn points out that the cross-dressing in Twelfth... ... Critical Interpretations, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987) 43. For further discussion on renaissance gender performance and identity politics among Shakespeare's cross-dressed heroines, see Michael Shapiro's Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage: Boy Heroines and Female Pages (Ann Arbor: The University of MIchigan Press, 1994). 6- Elliot Krieger, "Malvolio and Class Ideology in Twelfth Night," Modern Critical Interpretation, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea HousePublishers, 1987) 24. 7- J.M. Lothian and T.W. Craik, "In troduction," The Arden Shakespeare: Twelfth Night , ed. Lothian and Craik (New York: Routledge, 1991) lvi.

Inpatient and Outpatient Hospital Services Essay

The main difference between inpatient and outpatient services is that inpatient care is performed by an inpatient facility that is prepared for patients to be able to stay overnight if need be. This inpatient care can be provided by a hospital, skilled nursing facility, or a long term care facility. A skilled nursing facility (SNF) is designed to provide rehabilitation services and/or skilled nursing to injured patients after they no longer need to be in a hospital setting. The skilled nursed help the patient and assist with their recovery. A skilled nursing facility is operated by licensed nurses, with the assistance of a medical physician. A few examples of care given at a skilled nursing facility would include dressing changes, intravenous injections, and tube feeding. A nursing home is an example of a long-term care facility, which provides custodial care for patients who suffer from chronic disabilities or prolonged illnesses. Outpatient care, is also referred to as ambulatory care, is somewhat different from inpatient care in a hospital or skilled nursing facility setting. Outpatient care involves care that does not require and overnight stay. This kind of care is found in a family physician office, ER visit, physical, speech or occupational therapy, and home health care. Due to the different settings and types of treatment received at inpatient or outpatient facilities, there are different codes for all the different procedures. An inpatient care example would be an overnight stay and care that is a round-the-clock due to a surgical procedure received. If it was outpatient care the service or treatment would have been in the doctor’s office or facility. Outpatient care codes differ than inpatient due to their different settings and what services can be performed. Coding for inpatient and outpatient are different, diagnostic coding for inpatient care follow the rules of the Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS). Inpatient coding differ from physician and outpatient coding, because the main diagnosis is generally determined after study in a hospital setting and coding an unconfirmed condition as the admitting diagnosis is permitted. Inpatient codes can be more complex than outpatient, in general there are more codes used in inpatient care than outpatient.

A Little Exercise For Young Theologians - 1591 Words

Introduction The small book A little exercise for young theologians is an opening lecture to students of theology given by theologian Helmut Thielicke. This book is especially important for students who are beginning their training in theology, but it also is crucial for those who are seasoned students of theology as it is a good reminder of what students need to know when studying the nature and character of God. Thielicke is brief in the lecture, but he is profound in what he says. It is an important lecture for any student of theology. This review will summarize the lecture while making critiques and provide a conclusion. Summary The lecture given by Thielicke is for the purpose and intention to speak clearly and forcefully concerning the matter of theology (vii). The discourse is given for beginning seminary students with the hope that it will be read over and over again. It is a lesson to teach students theological self-discipline (xi). Thielicke argues that each minister must be disciplined when proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ (xii). The lecture is broken down into thirteen small chapters of about 4-5 pages. Each chapter has one main point that Thielicke is presenting to his students. Thielicke first gives a warning to his students that they are in great danger because of the responsibility that they will have as ministers of Jesus Christ (1-2). Thielicke then presents in the following chapters warnings and encouragement to his students regarding the studyShow MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of The Middle Ages1825 Words   |  8 Pagesages came to a close, political theologians set forth a series of po litical ideologies that would help shape modern day democracy. The Black Death greatly affected the beliefs of the power in Catholic Church. With seemingly randomly mass death of the young and old, the peasant class began to revolt. 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